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David Crowley, Tom Tiffany clash on taxes, abortion and private school vouchers in Wisconsin governor debate 

Reading Time: 6 minutes

With less than two weeks until Election Day and early voting already underway, Wisconsin’s gubernatorial candidates met for the only televised debate. Both attacked their opponent’s biggest weaknesses and provided further insight into how they would govern. 

Democrat David Crowley, the Milwaukee County executive, and Republican Tom Tiffany, who represents the 7th Congressional District in northern Wisconsin, are competing in the first open race for governor since 2010 after Democratic Gov. Tony Evers did not seek a third term. 

In a midterm year when the national environment favors Democrats, Marquette University Law School polling has shown a close contest between Crowley and Tiffany. The most recent poll in late September showed Crowley leading within the margin of error 49% to 46% among likely voters with about 5% still undecided. The next Marquette poll is scheduled for release Oct. 28. 

The debate, held at the law school Wednesday with only news media in attendance, arrived on Wisconsin’s second day of in-person early voting. More than 55,000 people cast their ballots on the first day, up from more than 33,000 at the same time ahead of the last gubernatorial race in 2022, according to data from the Wisconsin Elections Commission. 

Here are some key takeaways from Wednesday night’s debate. 

Crowley was on the attack

Crowley used any opening in the debate to criticize Tiffany for his votes in Congress in support of President Donald Trump and the millions in campaign funding Tiffany received from GOP megadonors. 

Early in the debate, Crowley pointed to Tiffany’s votes against ending U.S. military involvement in the Iran war and blocking the president’s tariffs to suggest the congressman doesn’t care about lowering costs for Wisconsinites.

“We don’t need what is happening in Washington, D.C., coming into the state of Wisconsin,” Crowley said. “It is very clear that he is working for Donald Trump and the billionaires who are funding his campaign.”

A man in a suit speaks at a podium that says 12 WISN ABC
Milwaukee County Executive David Crowley addresses the moderators during a gubernatorial debate at Marquette University in Milwaukee, Oct. 21, 2026. (Andy Manis for Wisconsin Watch)

Campaign finance reports from July through September show Tiffany’s largest donor was the Republican Party of Wisconsin, which received nearly 95% of its $29 million in donations from billionaires Diane Hendricks, the founder of ABC Supply Co., and Richard and Elizabeth Uihlein, who founded the Uline shipping supplies company. The next campaign finance report deadline, which will show the candidates’ financial position ahead of Election Day, is Monday. 

Tiffany, who was endorsed by Trump earlier this year, attempted to separate himself from the president, who is unpopular in Wisconsin ahead of Election Day. The September Marquette poll found just 38% of registered voters approve of Trump’s job in his second term. 

“While my opponent, you can see early on in the debate, is consistently focused on being against Donald Trump, I’m for Wisconsin,” Tiffany said. 

More insight on how Crowley, Tiffany would govern

The moderators from WISN-TV in Milwaukee pressed Crowley and Tiffany for more details on the campaign promises they’ve made while traveling the state over the last year. 

Tiffany has called for returning Wisconsin’s $3 billion surplus to taxpayers. During the debate, Tiffany explained that he would do that through “long-term” reductions in property and income taxes. In remarks after the debate, Tiffany added he would not support one-time rebates, which were part of the failed bipartisan surplus deal Evers and Republican legislative leaders negotiated earlier this year. Tiffany opposed that plan.

“The one thing that I don’t want to do is just one-time rebates,” Tiffany said after the debate. “I want it to be long-term, lasting tax relief, so people in Wisconsin can plan, so they can plan their futures.” 

Tiffany said he opposes raising transportation user fees, instituting tolls or indexing the gas tax to inflation. Crowley said he would be open to new user fees and that the state should be open to tolling to fund transportation projects, but he also opposed indexing the gas tax, which was discontinued in 2006.

A man in a suit at a podium speaks
U.S. Rep. Tom Tiffany, R-Hazelhurst, addresses the moderators during a gubernatorial debate at Marquette University Oct. 21, 2026. (Andy Manis for Wisconsin Watch)

Crowley reiterated his position from the primary that he would not eliminate the Milwaukee school voucher program and said he would keep the statewide program in place.

“I will work with the Legislature,” Crowley said. “But as of this moment, we are not in a position to push all of these children towards any of our public schools.”

Asked if he would sign a bill to eliminate income limits on school vouchers, Tiffany said he would have to take a look at it if elected.

“I would be willing to raise those income limits,” Tiffany said. “But I would sit down and take a look at where we should move them at this time.”

Crowley noted the voucher program was originally intended to help low-income Milwaukee students, but the statewide program has allowed families who could already afford to send their children to private school to receive a taxpayer subsidy.

Crowley explains data center policy shifts 

On data centers, Tiffany pointed out that Crowley in the past week changed his position on the state’s sales tax exemption for data centers, which is worth some $2 billion. 

“Why would some of the wealthiest companies in the world need subsidies from the taxpayers of Wisconsin?” said Tiffany, who has campaigned on repealing data center tax breaks.

Crowley now says he would sign legislation, proposed by Republicans, to repeal the sales tax exemption. Previously he said he would review the exemption. 

Candidates stick to their positions on abortion

Tiffany said he would not sign a “fetal heartbeat bill,” which would ban abortions once a heartbeat is detected, if it reaches his desk. Tiffany voted for Wisconsin’s current abortion ban after 20 weeks when he was in the Legislature and he said he would maintain that “middle ground” in the abortion debate.

Crowley did not directly answer whether he would sign a bill that legalized abortion with no gestational limits and said he did not believe such a bill would reach his desk if he is elected. He has proposed a constitutional amendment, which would need the support of the Legislature, that would protect the right to an abortion.

“These are discussions that need to be made between a doctor and a patient,” Crowley said. “When you think about any type of abortion past the 20 week, it’s usually dealing with extreme circumstances.”

Fact-checking the debate

Both candidates repeated claims that Wisconsin Watch has found to be inaccurate.

Tiffany claimed during the debate that Crowley “wants to remove half of the prison inmates here in Wisconsin.” Crowley has voiced support for cutting Wisconsin’s prison population in half over time using a variety of means, such as legalizing marijuana and funding jail diversion programs.

Crowley claimed Tiffany “provided the tax breaks to the big tech companies who are steamrolling our communities today with these data centers.” The tax cuts were part of President Donald Trump’s One Big Beautiful Bill and applied to a multitude of companies across sectors. They were not specifically for tech companies or data centers, as Crowley had previously claimed.

Side view of two men speaking at podiums
U.S. Rep. Tom Tiffany, right, R-Hazelhurst, addresses the moderator during a gubernatorial debate at Marquette University in Milwaukee, Oct. 21, 2026. (Andy Manis for Wisconsin Watch)

Clashing closing statements

Each candidate had a minute to give a closing statement. Crowley highlighted the contrast between himself and Tiffany, while Tiffany recounted his recent emergency plane landing experience. Here’s each candidate’s entire statement:

Crowley: “I’m running to be your governor because Wisconsin families are working harder than ever and still falling behind. And I get it. I grew up in a working-class family, and I’m raising three amazing daughters. Congressman Tom Tiffany, he doesn’t get it. He went to Washington and he sold Wisconsin out. He went to go work for Donald Trump and the billionaires bankrolling him. They got tax breaks. You got higher bills. They got tariffs. You got higher prices. They got their endless war. You got record high gas prices. This election is about who your governor works for. If Congressman Tom Tiffany becomes our governor, he’s going to work for them, not for you, just like he did in Washington, voting with Donald Trump 100% of the time. But me, I’ll work for you. I’ll lower your costs. I’ll expand health care. I’ll make sure we can improve our schools and bring people together to get it done. That’s why I’m asking for your vote. Thank you, and go Brewers.”

Tiffany: “It was a month ago that a plane that I was in had to make an emergency landing on Lake Wausau and run up to the airport. And as the pilot and I exited that plane, he dialed 911. From the time that call hit dispatch in downtown Wausau to the boat picking us up in the middle of Lake Wausau was 16 minutes. Only 16 minutes. I remember hearing after we made the call that you could hear the sirens and then you could see the lights, but it only took them 16 minutes. Ladies and gentlemen, I saw the best of Wisconsin that night. As your next governor, I’m going to make sure you see the best of Wisconsin. I hope to earn your vote to lead this state.”

Wisconsin Watch is a nonprofit, nonpartisan newsroom. Subscribe to our newsletters for original stories and our Friday news roundup.

David Crowley, Tom Tiffany clash on taxes, abortion and private school vouchers in Wisconsin governor debate  is a post from Wisconsin Watch, a non-profit investigative news site covering Wisconsin since 2009. Please consider making a contribution to support our journalism.

Did Wisconsin governor candidate Tom Tiffany vote for iPads for prison inmates?

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Wisconsin Watch partners with Gigafact to produce Fact Briefs — bite-sized fact checks of trending claims. Read our methodology to learn how we check claims.

No.

While a Wisconsin state senator, Tom Tiffany voted for state budgets that funded the state Department of Corrections — not for computer tablets the department made available to prison inmates.

Tiffany’s votes were raised by Milwaukee County Executive David Crowley, the Democratic nominee in the Nov. 3 election for governor. 

Crowley has been criticized for approving tablets for county jail inmates. 

In response, Crowley claimed that Tiffany, now the Republican gubernatorial nominee and congressman, “voted for these types of iPads.” 

Tiffany voted for the 2017-19 and 2019-21 state budgets. They contained thousands of provisions across numerous departments.

In 2018, Corrections made tablets available to inmates to purchase.

The Legislature did not take votes on the tablet program.

This Fact Brief is responsive to conversations such as this one.

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Did Wisconsin governor candidate Tom Tiffany vote for iPads for prison inmates? is a post from Wisconsin Watch, a non-profit investigative news site covering Wisconsin since 2009. Please consider making a contribution to support our journalism.

11 claims about the candidates for Wisconsin governor — and the facts

Two people in suits and red ties stand at separate podiums with microphones; an American flag stands behind the person on the right.
Reading Time: 3 minutes

On Wednesday night, the candidates for Wisconsin governor will face off in their only debate ahead of the Nov. 3 election — and based on how the campaign has gone so far, a lot of claims and accusations will fly.

To help voters sort through the noise, Wisconsin Watch and our partners at the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel have been fact-checking claims about the candidates.

Do you know whether Milwaukee County Executive David Crowley, the Democratic nominee, supports releasing half of Wisconsin’s prison population, or whether homicides have increased 57% under his watch?

How about U.S. Rep. Tom Tiffany, the Republican nominee? Do you know whether he voted to defund the police or for a $68 billion tax break for data centers?

Before you watch the debate at 7 p.m. Wednesday on WISN.com, read on to know the facts. 

And before you vote, check out our other Fact Briefs and our comprehensive voter guide too.

Claims about Crowley

Does David Crowley support releasing half of Wisconsin’s prison population?

No. Tiffany cited Crowley’s 2019 support for Gov. Tony Evers’ goal as support for his claim that Crowley “wants to let half the prison population out in Wisconsin.” Evers’ goal was aimed at gradually achieving the 50% reduction.

Did Milwaukee juvenile homicides increase 57% under David Crowley?

No. The number of juvenile homicide victims in Milwaukee County has ranged between 19 and 27 annually, with no clear trend upward or downward, since Crowley took office. Plus, most law enforcement in the county is done by city and village police departments; they are not under the control of the county executive.

Have major Milwaukee County taxes generally increased under David Crowley?

Yes. Milwaukee County sales and property taxes have increased while Crowley has been county executive, though property taxes have increased less than the statewide average.

Did David Crowley approve providing tablets to jail inmates?

Yes. Crowley gave final approval to a 2022 contract requested by the Sheriff’s Office and approved by the Board of Supervisors that provides communication tablets to inmates and approved a three-year extension in 2025.

Claims about Tiffany

Did Tom Tiffany receive more than 90% of his campaign donations from 3 billionaires since July 2026? 

Yes. Of the $26 million from July to September 2026, 93% came from Diane Hendricks, Richard Uihlein and Elizabeth Uihlein.

Has Tom Tiffany supported defunding the police?

No. Crowley claimed Tiffany voted six times to defund the police. None of those House votes would have taken money away from law enforcement.

Has Tom Tiffany voted five times against ending the Iran war?

Yes. Against five U.S. House resolutions from March through July directing President Donald Trump to remove U.S. forces from hostilities with Iran.

Did Tom Tiffany vote to give data center operators a $68 billion tax break?

No. Congress did not vote up-or-down on giving data center operators a $68 billion tax break. An attack ad cited Tiffany’s vote for the Big Beautiful Bill Act. It contains business tax breaks, including 100% depreciation, but they are available broadly, including for data centers, to deduct the cost of many investments.

Has Tom Tiffany supported Donald Trump’s positions the vast majority of the time?

Yes. Various measures show Tiffany has rarely diverged from supporting Trump since Trump began his second term in January 2025.

Did Tom Tiffany try to overturn the 2020 presidential election result?

Yes. Tiffany took several steps in a failed attempt to reverse Democrat Joe Biden’s win over Trump in the 2020 presidential election.

Claim about both candidates

Have David Crowley and Tom Tiffany both expressed support for data centers?

Yes. Both have emphasized how they would regulate artificial intelligence data centers, but they also have spoken favorably of them. Crowley: Wisconsin can “become an AI and a data hub not only for the entire country, but for the entire globe.” Tiffany: Data centers are “exciting new technology.”

Wisconsin Watch is a nonprofit, nonpartisan newsroom. Subscribe to our newsletters for original stories and our Friday news roundup.

11 claims about the candidates for Wisconsin governor — and the facts is a post from Wisconsin Watch, a non-profit investigative news site covering Wisconsin since 2009. Please consider making a contribution to support our journalism.

Use of NDAs for Wisconsin data centers wider than previously known

A large industrial building under construction stands behind fencing, cranes and construction equipment. A green fence banner displays a workplace safety message.
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  • Wisconsin’s statewide economic development agency has signed at least five nondisclosure agreements (NDAs) with data center developers.
  • Wisconsin Watch previously reported that five communities had signed local NDAs with data center developers. The statewide disclosure increases to eight the number of Wisconsin projects that used an NDA.
  • NDAs have drawn criticism for keeping the public in the dark about the multibillion-dollar projects while government officials negotiate the terms of a project. Economic development officials say NDAs are necessary to attract businesses to Wisconsin.

Wisconsin’s statewide economic development agency has signed at least five nondisclosure agreements with developers of artificial intelligence data centers, adding a previously unknown level of secrecy to the billion-dollar projects.

The Wisconsin Economic Development Corp., a quasi-government state agency, signed one of the NDAs nearly two years before a proposed data center in Menomonie was announced to the public and six months before the city signed its own NDA. 

Wisconsin Watch previously revealed that at least five communities signed local NDAs, keeping the public in the dark about data center proposals for months. 

The newly released state agency NDAs show that in some cases, the proposals were hidden from view even longer. Also, three of the NDAs signed by the state agency are for projects proposed in communities that didn’t have a local secrecy pact.

The agreements, provided to Wisconsin Watch under the state public records law, show the gap in time between when the WEDC NDAs were signed and when the data center proposals were publicly announced:

  • Menomonie — 23 months: The August 2023 NDA, signed with a shell company called Balloonist LLC, was done 23 months before the city announced the data center proposal, which is pending. 
  • Beaver Dam — 19 months: The NDA for the Meta data center now under construction in Beaver Dam, also signed in August 2023 by Balloonist, was done 19 months before the project was announced to the public. 
  • DeForest — 8 months: The NDA was signed in February 2025 with QTS Data Centers, eight months before the public announcement of the proposal, which was later dropped.
  • Mount Pleasant — 2 months: Microsoft’s NDA was signed in January 2023, two months before the village announced the proposed data center complex that is now under construction. 
  • Port Washington: The July 2025 NDAs signed for the OpenAI/Oracle/Vantage project under construction were done six months after the city announced the proposal. 

WEDC replied to an interview request with a statement saying “the agency is committed to transparency and compliance with Wisconsin’s public records laws and has long been recognized for its strong commitment to reporting.”

“Wisconsin law recognizes that certain information related to pending economic development projects may need to remain confidential to protect their competitive nature,” the agency said. “NDAs are one tool used to facilitate the exchange of business information while companies evaluate potential investments, expansions, or relocations in Wisconsin. These agreements help Wisconsin compete for economic opportunities while remaining consistent with applicable public records laws.”

Told about WEDC’s use of NDAs, state Rep. Clint Moses, R-Menomonie, said he would add the state agency to legislation banning data center NDAs that he plans to introduce in January, after a new governor and Legislature take office. 

His original bill, introduced in January but given no hearings, would have applied only to local governments. 

“I would assume they wouldn’t like it,” Moses said of the WEDC. “I know certain groups … kind of frown on any time you start banning NDAs. But these data centers are such a big issue, and there’s so much unknown about them still, that we need to be doing something.

“I think regardless who the governor is and who has control of the Legislature, I think it’s popular,” Moses added. “I think it will get support, regardless.”

Behind the WEDC and confidentiality

WEDC is the state’s lead economic development agency. It aims to attract new businesses to the state by allocating tax credits, awarding grants and loans and authorizing local governments to issue bonds. 

The state law that created WEDC in 2011 says agency records are open to the public — except for “pending grants, loans, or economic development projects that, in the opinion of the corporation, must remain confidential to protect the competitive nature of the grant, loan, or project.”

That means proposed data centers costing billions of dollars and covering hundreds of acres could be quietly explored long before local residents are informed. 

“It just seems like really bad practice,” said Port Washington Ald. Michael Beaster, who opposed his community’s data center and made public records requests about it before being elected in April. “A state agency is not accountable to the local government.”

The NDA record requests

Wisconsin Watch sought to obtain all NDAs signed by WEDC for hyperscale data center proposals. However, the agency was unable to produce all NDAs in its records in response to a general public records request for them.

The agency initially provided NDAs for three data centers that it certified for a state sales tax exemption and are under construction — Microsoft’s in Mount Pleasant, Meta’s in Beaver Dam and OpenAI/Oracle/Vantage’s in Port Washington.

Mount Pleasant and Port Washington replied to previous public records requests from Wisconsin Watch saying they did not sign NDAs for their data centers. The Beaver Dam Area Development Corp., a quasi-government group, signed an NDA for the Beaver Dam data center.

Wisconsin Watch then followed up with a request for any NDAs that WEDC signed with at least 16 companies that Wisconsin Watch identified as making data center proposals in the state. That prompted WEDC to provide its Menomonie and DeForest NDAs. 

No data center NDAs were turned up by public records requests Wisconsin Watch made to the state’s nine regional economic development agencies. 

Six of the regional agencies said the public records law doesn’t apply to them. But three of those six, plus three others, said they had no such NDAs.

NDAs helped usher in massive economic development

The NDAs helped pave the way for multibillion-dollar developments, but also public backlash.

Microsoft’s plans have grown to $20 billion worth of data centers in Mount Pleasant, south of Milwaukee in Racine County. The OpenAI/Oracle/Vantage project is worth $15 billion in Port Washington, north of Milwaukee in Ozaukee County. Meta’s data center investment is $1 billion in Beaver Dam, 40 miles north of Madison in Dodge County. 

Data centers have also been worth billions of dollars to Wisconsin businesses that serve them. Earlier this year, just three Wisconsin companies had already done more than $1 billion in data center business, Wisconsin Watch reported.

“Non-disclosure agreements are an essential part of doing business in a competitive economic development climate,” the Metropolitan Milwaukee Association of Commerce said in a statement to Wisconsin Watch. “Companies considering major investments don’t evaluate locations singularly. They compare us with communities across the country, and they expect legitimate trade secrets and proprietary business information to remain confidential while making those decisions. If we make it harder to protect that information, we put ourselves at a competitive disadvantage and risk losing that investment altogether. That means a loss of jobs, tax base and economic momentum. To our knowledge, not a single state prohibits its economic development arm from utilizing NDAs.”

A large building with yellow exterior panels stands under construction, surrounded by excavators, boom lifts, trucks and people in safety vests behind a fence.
A Microsoft data center, named “Fairwater,” is under construction in Mount Pleasant, Wis. The Foxconn High Performance Computing Data Center Globe can be seen in the background. The Microsoft project was subject to a nondisclosure agreement between the developer and the Wisconsin Economic Development Corp. two months before it was publicly announced. (Andy Manis for Wisconsin Watch)

Another measure of data centers’ impact is the sales tax exemption, part of the 2023-25 state budget. It means that generally, data centers certified by the WEDC, including the three facilities under construction, don’t have to pay sales taxes on construction materials, computer servers and other equipment. The exemption is estimated to be worth more than $2 billion and has been targeted by Democrats and Republicans for modification or elimination.

The $1.6 billion data center proposal in Menomonie in western Wisconsin, where $25 million in land has already been purchased, was paused in September 2025 after local opposition mounted. The city is still drafting zoning regulations. The city signed an NDA in February 2024, six months after the WEDC secrecy agreement.

QTS had planned to spend $12 billion on a data center in the Madison suburb of DeForest. The village, which said it did not sign an NDA, reached a wide-ranging community benefits agreement with QTS, but village officials dropped the plan over local opposition. Wisconsin Watch obtained records showing village officials were in talks with QTS around the same time WEDC signed a nondisclosure agreement and months before village officials initially told the public they were aware of the project.

At least two Wisconsin communities have restricted data center NDAs. The Columbia County Board prohibited its members from signing data center NDAs. The Beloit Town Board barred town board employees from signing them without board approval.

Both candidates for governor in the Nov. 3 election, Democrat David Crowley and Republican Tom Tiffany, have expressed support for banning data center NDAs.

More data centers being considered

Data center proposals that are pending include one for a former paper mill in Wisconsin Rapids, north of Madison, where a decisive city council vote could come this month. The city said it did not sign an NDA. 

In Kenosha, which signed an NDA in May 2024, residents are seeking a data center moratorium as the city considers a data center plan from Microsoft. The technology giant terminated the local NDA in June 2026.

That stemmed from Microsoft’s announcement three months earlier that it would no longer sign data center NDAs with local governments and would seek to terminate the ones it had signed, calling it an effort to build trust. 

The announcement didn’t mention state-level NDAs. A Microsoft spokesperson declined to comment on state NDAs.

“We continue to hear these data centers and tech companies talking about wanting to be a good neighbor,” said Beaver Dam data center opponent Maily Kocinski. “This is not something a good neighbor does.”

Disclosure: The OpenAI Foundation recently awarded a grant to Wisconsin Watch but has no control over its editorial decisions. We will update our funding page to reflect the grant. A list of donors and funders through 2025, as well as our donation acceptance policies, can be found here.

Wisconsin Watch is a nonprofit, nonpartisan newsroom. Subscribe to our newsletters for original stories and our Friday news roundup.

Use of NDAs for Wisconsin data centers wider than previously known is a post from Wisconsin Watch, a non-profit investigative news site covering Wisconsin since 2009. Please consider making a contribution to support our journalism.

Have David Crowley and Tom Tiffany both expressed support for data centers?

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Wisconsin Watch partners with Gigafact to produce Fact Briefs — bite-sized fact checks of trending claims. Read our methodology to learn how we check claims.

Yes.

The candidates for Wisconsin governor in the Nov. 3 election have emphasized how they would regulate artificial intelligence data centers, but they also have spoken favorably of them.

Democrat David Crowley, the Milwaukee County executive, said in November that government should “make sure that this is fertile ground for entrepreneurs and businesses to either stay or move right here to the state of Wisconsin. I do think that data centers play a huge role. …

“There’s an opportunity for us to really become an AI and a data hub not only for the entire country, but for the entire globe.”

Republican U.S. Rep. Tom Tiffany voted in December to speed the process for permitting construction of projects such as data centers.

In January, he called data centers “exciting new technology.”

In August, Tiffany said data centers are needed to keep technology from being outsourced to China, WSAW-TV reported.

This Fact Brief is responsive to conversations such as this one.

We’ve written more extensively about this topic in a different article. You can read more about it here.

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Have David Crowley and Tom Tiffany both expressed support for data centers? is a post from Wisconsin Watch, a non-profit investigative news site covering Wisconsin since 2009. Please consider making a contribution to support our journalism.

Has Tom Tiffany supported defunding the police?

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Wisconsin Watch partners with Gigafact to produce Fact Briefs — bite-sized fact checks of trending claims. Read our methodology to learn how we check claims.

No.

U.S. Rep. Tom Tiffany, the Republican nominee for Wisconsin governor, has not supported defunding the police — an effort to reduce law enforcement funding by shifting it to other programs.

Milwaukee County Executive David Crowley, the Democratic nominee, claimed Tiffany voted six times to defund the police. 

None of those House votes would have taken money away from law enforcement.

Tiffany voted against a bill that would have directly funded local police departments.

Other measures he opposed were different, including: 

  • Funding more than a dozen federal agencies, including NASA and the Commerce and Justice departments.
  • Health and Human Services grants for violence intervention programs.
  • Grants for mental health professionals, rather than law enforcement, to respond to certain emergencies.

We found no evidence that Tiffany backed reducing police funding.

In 2022, Tiffany said “it’s time to stop the defund the police movement.” In 2026 he criticized the movement.

This Fact Brief is responsive to conversations such as this one.

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Has Tom Tiffany supported defunding the police? is a post from Wisconsin Watch, a non-profit investigative news site covering Wisconsin since 2009. Please consider making a contribution to support our journalism.

Does David Crowley support releasing half of Wisconsin’s prison population?

Reading Time: < 1 minute

Wisconsin Watch partners with Gigafact to produce Fact Briefs — bite-sized fact checks of trending claims. Read our methodology to learn how we check claims.

No.

Milwaukee County Executive David Crowley, the Democratic nominee for governor, has supported reducing Wisconsin’s prison population through crime prevention and reducing recidivism.

Crowley has supported rehabilitative services for nonviolent offenders and commutations; decriminalizing cannabis; and expanding drug courts. He has backed education programs aimed at diverting youths from committing crimes.

Crowley also has backed job training and other efforts aimed at reducing recidivism and prevention measures such as “violence interruption programs.” 

Democratic Wisconsin Gov. Tony Evers set a goal of eventually reducing the prison population by half, though it recently hit a new record.

The campaign of Republican gubernatorial candidate U.S. Rep. Tom Tiffany cited Crowley’s 2019 support for Evers’ goal as support for Tiffany’s claim that Crowley “wants to let half the prison population out in Wisconsin.”

Tiffany said he’s open to adding prison capacity to address the record number of inmates without releasing those in custody.

This Fact Brief is responsive to conversations such as this one.

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Does David Crowley support releasing half of Wisconsin’s prison population? is a post from Wisconsin Watch, a non-profit investigative news site covering Wisconsin since 2009. Please consider making a contribution to support our journalism.

Did Milwaukee juvenile homicides increase 57% under David Crowley?

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Wisconsin Watch partners with Gigafact to produce Fact Briefs — bite-sized fact checks of trending claims. Read our methodology to learn how we check claims.

No.

Since David Crowley became Milwaukee County executive, the number of juvenile homicide victims in the county has ranged between 19 and 27 annually, with no clear trend upward or downward.

Crowley, who was sworn in in May 2020, is the Democratic nominee for Wisconsin governor in the Nov. 3 election.

Here are the number of Milwaukee County homicide victims ages 6-17:

2025: 19 

2024: 27

2023: 22

2022: 25

2021: 21

2020: 19

An Americans for Prosperity ad claimed that “under Crowley, Milwaukee juvenile homicides surged 57%.”

The figure refers to juvenile homicide suspects, not homicide deaths, in the city of Milwaukee and not countywide.

In January, Milwaukee police said 22 juvenile homicide suspects in the city in 2025 were a 57% increase from 2024.

Most law enforcement in the county is done by city and village police departments. They are not under the control of the county executive.

This Fact Brief is responsive to conversations such as this one.

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Did Milwaukee juvenile homicides increase 57% under David Crowley? is a post from Wisconsin Watch, a non-profit investigative news site covering Wisconsin since 2009. Please consider making a contribution to support our journalism.

Did Tom Tiffany vote to give data center operators a $68 billion tax break?

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Wisconsin Watch partners with Gigafact to produce Fact Briefs — bite-sized fact checks of trending claims. Read our methodology to learn how we check claims.

No.

Congress did not vote up-or-down on giving data center operators a $68 billion tax break, despite that claim in an ad targeting U.S. Rep. Tom Tiffany.

Tiffany, a northern Wisconsin Republican, is running for governor in the Nov. 3 election.

The ad from a Democratic Governors Association-backed group cites Tiffany’s 2025 vote for the One Big Beautiful Bill Act.

A yes vote on the nearly 900-page federal budget package, filled with hundreds of tax breaks and spending cuts, was not necessarily a yes vote for any single provision.

The bill contains business tax breaks, including ”100% depreciation. But they are available broadly, including for data centers, to deduct the cost of many investments. 

A left-leaning think tank said four tech companies — Microsoft, Meta, Alphabet and Amazon — avoided $68 billion in 2025 taxes from the depreciation and three other tax breaks in the bill.

This Fact Brief is responsive to conversations such as this one.

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Did Tom Tiffany vote to give data center operators a $68 billion tax break? is a post from Wisconsin Watch, a non-profit investigative news site covering Wisconsin since 2009. Please consider making a contribution to support our journalism.

Key questions with Wisconsin attorney general candidates highlight their stark differences

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The Nov. 3 race for Wisconsin attorney general, a rematch between Democratic incumbent Josh Kaul and Republican challenger Eric Toney, features their contrasting views on the Trump administration, abortion, election security and problems in crime lab testing.

Kaul, 45, a former federal prosecutor and private attorney, won his first four-year term as attorney general in 2018, defeating Republican incumbent Brad Schimel, 49.4% to 48.8%. 

Toney, 42, a former private attorney, was first elected Fond du Lac County district attorney in 2012. He lost to Kaul by 1.3 percentage points in 2022.

Kaul’s opposition to President Donald Trump has largely defined his second term. He has joined in more than 70 lawsuits to fight Trump administration initiatives, including some to restore funding for infrastructure and schools.

Toney accuses Kaul of being too political and criticizes Kaul’s administration for shortcomings in the state crime labs. When Kaul ran in 2018, he made similar arguments about Schimel’s legal actions against the Obama administration.

Other issues animating voters this election season reveal clear distinctions between the candidates.

Asked about abortion, Toney defended the state’s ban on abortion after 20 weeks and linked the issue to a federal Title IX investigation into a New Richmond School District policy allowing transgender female students to use the girls bathrooms. Kaul said he would join multistate litigation to protect access to abortion medication.

On officer-involved shootings, Kaul advocated for jail alternatives while Toney put the focus on the victim’s actions prior to the shootings. 

On election integrity, Kaul emphasized guarding against voter intimidation while Toney focused on preventing and prosecuting voter fraud. 

Wisconsin Watch interviewed Kaul in Madison on Aug. 6 and Toney in Milwaukee on Sept. 11. Here are some key areas where the candidates disagree, with contextual information from Wisconsin Watch.

Wisconsin Watch (WW) to Josh Kaul: You said you’ve joined more than 60 multistate cases against the Trump administration. Does that make you a partisan actor? 

Kaul: “I look at two things when I decide whether we’re going to join a multistate suit. One is, is the program that we’re talking about, the (federal government) action that’s being taken, is it harmful to Wisconsinites? And then secondly, do we have a strong legal basis for the case? Now, people can disagree on whether programs are important for Wisconsin or not; that’s part of why we have elections for these offices. But I think if you look at our track record, you’ll see we’ve had wins where we’ve gotten either orders blocking what the administration has tried to do, or the administration has backed down in a number of those cases.”

More context

A ChatGPT-assisted analysis Sept. 15 found that of the 72 lawsuits Kaul has joined against the second Trump administration, 40 won a permanent or temporary favorable ruling or settlement, nine failed and 23 are pending. Successful cases include a U.S. Supreme Court ruling upholding birthright citizenship; court rulings blocking a $65 million cut to federal research funding of the University of Wisconsin-Madison; and orders blocking the Trump administration from demanding states provide personal information of FoodShare recipients.

A person in a dark jacket gestures while seated at a table in front of signs reading "JOSH KAUL FOR ATTORNEY GENERAL"
Wisconsin Attorney General Josh Kaul at his campaign office in Madison, Wis., on Aug. 6, 2026. (Narayan Mahon for Wisconsin Watch)

WW to Eric Toney: What is your assessment of Kaul’s lawsuits against the Trump administration?

Toney: “Well, one of the things we saw when he first ran for attorney general, he campaigned against federal lawsuits and said the office was too political. And now he’s broken that promise, and that’s essentially what his entire campaign is about. And so we see the consequences where the politics are coming before public safety.”

More context

In his first campaign for attorney general, Kaul accused then-Attorney General Brad Schimel, a Republican, of politicizing the office by filing too many lawsuits against the Obama administration. But Kaul also said he would join lawsuits that protect consumers and students.

WW to Toney: What’s one thing from the Kaul administration you would stop doing?

Toney: “The failure we’re seeing in the broken promises with the forensic testing at the (state) crime lab. We’ve seen, when I helped the attorney general get more crime lab positions in the ‘23 budget, when the nonpartisan audit came out a year later, we saw that those positions hadn’t been filled, that they had less DNA analyst positions filled compared to 2020.” 

More context

A 2024 audit by the nonpartisan Legislative Audit Bureau found that the vacancy rate of crime laboratory analyst positions increased from 2.6% in July 2019 to 9.5% in July 2023; and that the median turnaround time for analyzing evidence increased from 39 days for assignments created in FY 2019-20 to 58 days for assignments created in FY 2022-23.

Toney: “And we’re seeing the consequences of that with increased time for testing is taking, on average, over twice as long in some categories, including DNA, despite more resources. We have to take some of the recommendations from that nonpartisan audit with performance metrics in place for these analysts, who do a great job. But we have to have those standards in place.”

More context

Wisconsin Watch found the median time for DNA testing in criminal cases was 112 days in 2024, up from 61 in 2022. Annual DNA case intake dropped from 4,347 in 2022 to 4,124 in 2024. But the number of items of evidence increased from 38,076 to 39,992. And data cited by Toney on staffing don’t indicate which positions are accountable for the crime labs’ output.  

A person in a suit gestures while seated at a table, with an American flag and a wall of framed plaques.
Wisconsin attorney general candidate Eric Toney interviewed at the Milwaukee Police Association Sept. 11, 2026. (Andy Manis for Wisconsin Watch)

Toney: “We saw the campaign promise that he had talked about, the rape kit test, for example. And towards the end of that first campaign, he talked about all the hard work that was going to be needed to find justice for those survivors. And so what we’ve seen from those original kits, it was probably over $9 million, over 4,000 kits tested, and in his almost eight years as attorney general, they’ve gotten less than 15 convictions.”

More context

The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel reported in 2024 that in 2015, three years before Kaul took office, Wisconsin received $9.5 million in federal grants to test and clear a backlog of rape kits and only 10 people were convicted of sex offenses over the next 10 years as a result. 

WW to Kaul: Your opponent has said that on average, DNA testing is taking twice as long as it did under the previous attorney general. What is your response?

Kaul: “He’s making a comparison that’s not a direct comparison. When it comes to DNA analysis in particular during my time as AG, we upgraded the type of testing we do. We now use what’s called probabilistic genotyping. And as a result of that, we’re able to get DNA matches in more cases. So we can actually solve more cases and hold more people accountable for crimes they’ve committed. But it also is a more involved process, and so doing a case is more complex.

“Another area we’ve seen that happen is with toxicology testing. We’ve upgraded. We now use technology that allows us to identify controlled substances at lower quantities — which, at a time when we’re dealing with fentanyl, which can be very potent at very low quantities, is really important. But it also means we get more data, and so analysts are reviewing more data.”

“What we have had a challenge with is the Legislature has consistently declined to give us the resources that we’ve asked for.” 

More context

In the 2023-25 state budget, Kaul requested 16 additional crime labs positions and the Legislature provided three; in 2025-27, Kaul requested 19 and the Legislature provided none.

WW to both: U.S. Attorney General Todd Blanche said he wants to make the U.S. Supreme Court’s Dobbs decision on abortion permanent in every state. What would that mean for Wisconsin?

Kaul: “Clearly there is an effort at the federal level to restrict access to abortion rights. One of the things that has been talked about is trying to put restrictions in place on medication abortion, for example. And so, obviously, a critical issue that we have worked on during my time as AG is protecting access to safe and legal abortion in Wisconsin. If there’s federal action where we’ve got a strong legal basis for challenging it, and it’s in the interest of Wisconsinites to challenge it, we will be prepared to do so.

“In Eric Toney, you have an AG candidate who was more than happy to be the lead abortion enforcer in the state. He called for the AG’s office to have enforcement authority. He raised the possibility of adjoining counties even prosecuting people for abortions, prosecuting medical professionals. And so reproductive rights is very much at stake in this year’s elections.”

More context

Toney said during the previous campaign (but later said he was taken out of context): “We need to give our attorney general the authority to prosecute. They already would have the technical authority to investigate it. And I think another approach would be allowing for adjoining counties to be able to investigate and enforce that abortion ban in Wisconsin.”

Toney: “We have five-month, or 20-week, protections in the law right now. I’m not advocating for any changes to that, and if there is going to be any change, that needs to be something that’s voted on by the people and not decided on by politicians in Madison. We know how difficult this decision can be for women and girls and their families, and we need to make sure here in Wisconsin that we’re creating a supportive environment for women and girls that I hope life may be the choice that they decide to make. And that support has to extend beyond that as well and making sure that we’re protecting women and girls’ private spaces, bathrooms, locker rooms and sports. And we’ve seen the attorney general has failed to stand up in New Richmond, Wisconsin, where we’ve seen the school district allowing biological boys in the girls bathrooms.

More context

In April, parents and students filed a federal lawsuit claiming the district allows “male students to use girls’ bathrooms based on gender identity rather than biological sex.”

“And that’s in contrast to Josh Kaul, where he essentially advocated for getting rid of the five-month protections. He called them restrictions and is effectively advocating for nine-month abortion here in Wisconsin.”

More context

On Toney’s nine-month claim, Toney’s campaign cited a 2024 interview in which Kaul was asked: “A Wisconsin law prohibits abortion after 20 weeks. What more do you want to see there in the law?” Kaul replied: “What we have are not protections. We have restrictions on abortion in state law. I’d like to see some changes made that ensure that people are able to get the reproductive health care they need, and that decisions are made between women and their doctors or their spouses or their spiritual advisors — whoever it is that they want to talk to — but not having the government intervene.”

A person in a dark suit and red tie stands near a blurred sign reading "TONEY"
Wisconsin attorney general candidate Eric Toney is seen at the Milwaukee Police Association Sept. 11, 2026. (Andy Manis for Wisconsin Watch)

WW to both: Does Wisconsin’s attorney general need to do more to safeguard Wisconsin elections?

Toney: “We’ve got great protections in the law right now, if we have somebody that’s serving a felony sentence, to deter them from registering to vote and then prosecuting them if they ultimately vote. And I’ve prosecuted some of those cases where felons have ultimately registered and voted.

“And that’s where we need to have a similar process that reviews noncitizens that could be on our voter rolls. We have people that are lawfully in the country that are noncitizens, whether it’s for work or school, that may get a driver’s license or an ID card, and we don’t know what that problem could be because there’s no process in place to review it. And that’s where I’d like to see a similar process that we use for felons for that noncitizen process, just to make sure that people have confidence in those results. And if somebody is doing that, that they’re being prosecuted.

“But we don’t know what the number is because we’ve been unable to get the (state election commission and state Department of Transportation) to communicate on some of that information.”

Kaul: “Throughout my time as AG, we’ve had concerns about elections being attacked in one way or the other. I was AG in 2020 when Donald Trump and his allies tried to overturn the results. We defended the results in various cases and we won every one of those cases and ultimately the will of the voters was upheld.

“There have been concerns over the years about voter intimidation at the polls and we made clear that voter intimidation is a crime and that people who commit that crime need to expect to be held accountable.”

A person in a dark jacket, checkered shirt and jeans stands with one hand in a pocket inside a room with tall windows and wooden columns.
Wisconsin Attorney General Josh Kaul at his campaign office in Madison, Wis., on Aug. 6, 2026. (Narayan Mahon for Wisconsin Watch)

WW to both: The fatal Madison police shooting of Corey Ruiz, who was armed with a knife, has raised debate about officer-involved shootings. Should changes be made, inside or outside of the criminal justice system?  

Kaul: “One thing I’ve long been a proponent of is investment in treatment and diversion programs. The fundamental idea is, if there are folks who end up in the justice system because they have committed violent crimes and they’re a danger to our communities, they need to be held accountable and separated from society. On the other hand, there are people who end up in our justice system who have underlying struggles like drug addiction or mental health challenges. And if you put those people in jail, in a lot of cases for minor offenses, and then they come right back out without having those underlying issues addressed, they’re likely to keep ending up back in the system, causing more damage and costing more money to communities and having worse outcomes for them as well.

“I think you’re going to get better outcomes in general when you have law enforcement officers who know the communities where they’re working. And so investing in things like community policing, I think, is really valuable.”

Toney: “Whenever we look at a problem we have to look at the entirety of the problem. When we look at officer-involved shootings, we have to look at what is the officer doing and then what is the individual who’s been shot doing. And we see a tremendous amount of training for law enforcement, whether it’s de-escalation, use of force, all of those different types of things.

“We can’t paint anything with a broad brush, but many of these officer-involved shootings, we have somebody that either may have a weapon, acts like they have a weapon, or is actively resistant or not following the commands of law enforcement. And so we want to make sure that if somebody disagrees with what law enforcement’s doing, that they follow those commands in the moment, and then they can take whatever that legal process may be after the fact if they think something was done unlawful.”

Wisconsin Watch is a nonprofit, nonpartisan newsroom. Subscribe to our newsletters for original stories and our Friday news roundup.

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Have major Milwaukee County taxes generally increased under David Crowley?

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Yes.

Milwaukee County sales and property taxes have increased under County Executive David Crowley.

The Democratic nominee in the Nov. 3 election for governor takes credit for “the largest property tax cut” in the county’s history. 

That occurred after Act 12, a bipartisan state law, allowed local leaders to raise Milwaukee city and county sales taxes and provided local governments in Wisconsin more state aid. 

The law was largely aimed at helping the Milwaukee governments avert financial crises.

Crowley signed the near-doubling of the county sales tax, to 0.9% from 0.5%, after the Milwaukee County Board approved it.

Property tax levies have increased under Crowley, who took office in May 2020, though not as much as the state average (2.6% from 2020 to 2023):

2020: $304.8 million

2021: $310.3 million (1.8% increase)

2022: $313.8 million (1.1%)

2023: $292.3 million (-6.9%)

2024: $299.6 million (2.5%)

2025: $309.9 million (3.4%)

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Has Tom Tiffany supported Donald Trump’s positions the vast majority of the time?

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Yes.

U.S. Rep. Tom Tiffany, the northern Wisconsin Republican running for governor in the Nov. 3 election, has rarely diverged from supporting President Donald Trump since Trump began his second term in January 2025.

UCLA/Voteview found Tiffany’s support for Trump at 93% in 2025 House of Representatives votes. 

Congressional Quarterly put it at 99%.

Two other ratings put Tiffany’s support at 100%.

The methodologies varied on the number of votes reviewed. 

In 2026, Tiffany’s votes supporting Trump included opposing a measure that would have blocked Trump from ordering more strikes on Iran. Tiffany also backed Trump in voting against a bill to provide aid to Ukraine and sanction Russia.

On statements, Tiffany diverged from Trump in August. Tiffany said he opposed moves to rename Lake Ontario as “Lake America” and import cheaper ground beef. 

In September, he supported Trump’s proposed $5,000 “dividend.”

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Did David Crowley approve providing tablets to jail inmates?

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Yes.

Milwaukee County Executive David Crowley gave final approval to a 2022 contract requested by the Sheriff’s Office and approved by the Board of Supervisors that provides communication tablets to county jail and House of Correction inmates.

Crowley, the Democratic candidate for governor, also approved a three-year extension in 2025.

According to the Sheriff’s Office:

Generally all inmates can access tablets, which can be used for text messages. People who want to message with inmates must create an account. 

The tablets cannot access the internet. They can access the contractor’s  “intranet,” which includes entertainment and educational material.

The goal is to help inmates “stay connected to family, loved ones, and legal and support services,” the county executive’s office said.

The tablets became an issue in the gubernatorial campaign after a judge Aug. 28 raised questions about their use for witness intimidation, victim harassment and child pornography access. 

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Did Tom Tiffany try to overturn the 2020 presidential election result?

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Yes.

U.S. Rep. Tom Tiffany, the Wisconsin Republican running for governor, moved to reverse Democrat Joe Biden’s win over Republican Donald Trump in the 2020 presidential election.

Dec. 10, 2020: Signed a legal brief supporting Texas’ U.S. Supreme Court bid to overturn the results in Wisconsin and three other battleground states that backed Biden.

Jan. 5, 2021: Announced plans to vote against certifying the Electoral College results, claiming hundreds of thousands of Wisconsin votes were cast illegally, and later said he would have voted against certifying Wisconsin’s election results.

Jan. 6, 2021: Voted to object to counting electoral votes in Pennsylvania and Arizona, which supported Biden. 

May 18, 2026: Backed an FBI probe of Wisconsin’s 2020 election.

August 2026: Said he didn’t regret voting against certifying the election.

Sept. 4, 2026: Told Wisconsin Watch that Biden won but he still welcomes law enforcement investigations into Wisconsin’s 2020 election.

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In Wisconsin Rapids, data center objections include developers’ Russian connections

A person stands beside a dog and a yard sign reading "DATA CENTER" with a red prohibition symbol on a residential street.
Reading Time: 6 minutes

Update: The city of Wisconsin Rapids announced Aug. 28 that its planning commission on Sept. 16 will hold a hearing and make a recommendation to the city council on the request for a conditional use permit for the proposed data center. 

Editor’s note: A breach-of-contract lawsuit in Pennsylvania against Andrey Sharkov remains pending, but a claim of fraud in the case was dismissed. This story has been updated to note the claim’s dismissal.

No matter where in the U.S. an artificial intelligence data center is proposed, communities express the same worries.

Water scarcity and contamination, electricity rates and reliability, air pollution, noise.

Residents are voicing those same concerns 100 miles north of Madison in Wisconsin Rapids, where developers want to replace a former paper mill with a 210-acre data center. 

But there’s another worry in Rapids that makes the situation different from other Wisconsin communities where data centers have been proposed:

Russians.

“I hear it from other people; people bring it up very often,” data center opponent Mary Olson said.

Ruslan Zinurov, the man who first proposed the data center, was born in Russia.

Anton Voronkin, who has since taken over the project, was born and educated in Russia and worked there for years.

Marissa Johnson, a leader of a group fighting the data center, said that while residents have environmental concerns, the Russian ties are “a sticking point for people.” Some residents don’t say so publicly, out of fear of being perceived as xenophobic, but they worry about the developers’ past business practices, she said.

A person wearing sunglasses holds a printed map while standing across a road from an industrial area.
Marissa Johnson, a member of South Wood County Neighbors for Responsible Development in Wisconsin Rapids, Wis., holds a zoning proposal by industrial real estate development firm PNK Group detailing a plan to develop a large-scale data center campus on the site of the former Wisconsin Rapids paper mill. (Drake White-Bergey for Wisconsin Watch)

The questions aren’t limited to whispering.

At public meetings, residents mostly express common fears: How much water will the data center use? Will my electricity rates go up? How can we know it won’t cause air and noise pollution? 

One woman urged city officials to “just do the right damn thing” and find any way to block data centers.

But at a city meeting in July, a woman said a “Russian national” had applied to the city for a permit for the data center.

In August, at a meeting organized by the team proposing the data center, one audience member drew applause from the audience when he said to Voronkin: 

“We like to know who’s running this operation. And from what I understand, you, sir, are not an American citizen; you’re Russian. Am I right or wrong?” 

Voronkin’s reply didn’t seem to satisfy the crowd. “I have worked in many countries overseas,” he said.

Russian born, Green Bay ties

The first record of the data center proposal is an email sent Dec. 16 by Zinurov to Wisconsin Rapids city planner Kyle Kearns. He wrote that he was looking to acquire a site in the city of 19,000 to convert into a data center. 

The location turned out to be part of a former paper mill site near downtown and the Wisconsin River.

Kearns replied the next day, writing: “It is exciting to hear about your interest!”

By February, Zinurov had met with Kearns and Mayor Matt Zacher. He said in an email that he was working to acquire part of the mill site. He wondered if the city could help secure electricity and natural gas for the operation.

The proposal didn’t make news until April, when the city planning commission announced a public hearing on Zinurov’s application for what is known as a conditional use permit.

The 43-year-old Zinurov identified himself as being with California-based Performance Computing Holdings. In a 2020 article about a Zinurov-led investment in Ukraine, Zinurov told the Kyiv Post he was born in Russia, his wife is Ukrainian and he had been living in the U.S. more than 15 years.

He also has Wisconsin ties.

Zinurov’s cellphone number has a 920 area code, which covers Green Bay. According to his LinkedIn profile, he has a bachelor’s degree in business administration from the University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, plus a master’s degree in the same subject from the University of California, Berkeley.

Zinurov’s profile also says he founded a company originally known as Consensus Technology Group. In a 2024 interview, he said that company operates data centers in North Dakota, South Dakota, Pennsylvania and Missouri. 

According to news reports, Zinurov also partnered with Chinese tech company Bitmain to convert a former paper mill in Washington state into a cryptocurrency-mining business.

Zinurov declined Wisconsin Watch’s requests for an interview, noting in a text that Voronkin has taken over the Wisconsin Rapids project. 

Zinurov wrote that he “spent a good chunk of my life in Green Bay, so Wisconsin indeed has a special place in my heart. Go Pack.”

New face of the project

As Zinurov has worked behind the scenes, Voronkin, 42, has become the public face of the Rapids proposal.

By early May, a week after Zinurov filed the permit application, city planner Kearns had turned to emailing with Voronkin instead. Kearns noted that Voronkin and one of his team members, former New York City Mayor Eric Adams, had made plans to visit Wisconsin Rapids.

Adams’ background has also riled some residents. While mayor, he was indicted on federal conspiracy charges, which he denied. In April 2025, the charges were dismissed at the request of the U.S. Justice Department.

Voronkin, who was born in Russia, says in his LinkedIn profile that he earned bachelor’s and master’s degrees in St. Petersburg, Russia. The profile says he worked in commercial development in Russia from 2009 to 2022, when he began development work on Neom, a $500 billion ​mega-project in Saudi Arabia.

The nonprofit group Human Rights Watch reported in December 2024 that Neom workers suffered abuse, such as being paid less than they were promised. The same month, a Wall Street Journal investigation found Neom employees reported incidents of gang rape, suicide, attempted murder and drug dealing on the site. 

In 2026, Voronkin became chief development officer, including for data centers, at PNK Group, a New York-based developer of industrial buildings. 

A chain-link fence is next to piles of rocks and industrial materials. A sign on the fence reads "DANGER DO NOT ENTER WITHOUT AUTHORIZATION."
The site of a former paper mill in Wisconsin Rapids, Wis., is photographed on Aug. 12, 2026. Industrial real estate development firm PNK Group proposed a plan to develop the site into a large-scale data center campus. (Drake White-Bergey for Wisconsin Watch)

PNK began operations in Russia around 2003, according to the Scranton Times-Tribune in Pennsylvania, where PNK is proposing a data center. 

Voronkin said at the August meeting in Wisconsin Rapids hosted by his team that PNK “withdrew the brand from Russia in 2024.”

Data center opponent Mike Schmidt, a local attorney, said he doesn’t trust PNK because of Voronkin’s work with Neom and what Schmidt described as corruption allegations against PNK owner Andrey Sharkov.

In two federal court lawsuits over business matters, Sharkov was accused of fraud in Pennsylvania and is the subject of a racketeer/corrupt organization lawsuit in Utah. Both cases are pending, but the fraud allegation in the Pennsylvania case has been dismissed, and Sharkov has denied the allegations.

“It’s not just that they’re Russian, it’s that they’re behaving in a corrupt fashion,” Schmidt said of Voronkin and Sharkov.

Voronkin declined Wisconsin Watch requests for an interview. In messages, he wrote: 

“I am not aware of such concern about my work for Neom. I am proud to be a part of the biggest development in the world and most likely in history. I wish more people had same level of ambitions and could think about the future same way as Neom. There are no corruption charges against Andrey Sharkov.”

He added: 

“I have indeed worked on some unique projects, but I don’t think my background is the most exciting subject for Wisconsin Rapids.”

Industrial buildings, pipes and metal structures stand among trees next to a body of water, with power lines overhead.
The site of a former paper mill in Wisconsin Rapids, Wis., is photographed from across the Wisconsin River on Aug. 12, 2026. The former paper mill site is the location of a proposed large-scale data center by industrial real estate development firm PNK Group. (Drake White-Bergey for Wisconsin Watch)

City nearly poised to act?

Mayor Zacher told Wisconsin Watch that perhaps 15 data center developers and another 15 manufacturers have explored the former mill site but most didn’t move forward. According to his understanding, most data center developers didn’t think enough electricity was available. 

Zacher said he has tried to remain neutral as the current data center proposal has advanced and opposition has increased. The city must consider business proposals based on the project’s merits, not who makes them, he said.

Voronkin’s group has continued to try to build local support, holding a series of four webinars in August.

Zacher said the city is waiting for Voronkin’s group to provide more details on their proposal before it acts on their application for a conditional use permit and indicated the waiting time is limited.

“I would say we don’t want to go months,” he said.

Wisconsin Watch is a nonprofit, nonpartisan newsroom. Subscribe to our newsletters for original stories and our Friday news roundup.

In Wisconsin Rapids, data center objections include developers’ Russian connections is a post from Wisconsin Watch, a non-profit investigative news site covering Wisconsin since 2009. Please consider making a contribution to support our journalism.

Are Illinois residents buying more Wisconsin waterfront property than Minnesota residents?

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No.

Illinoisans and Minnesotans are buying about the same amount of waterfront property in Wisconsin.

A long-running resentment in Wisconsin is how Illinois residents behave when visiting the Badger State. Another common belief is Illinoisans buy up all the vacation property in Wisconsin, particularly near water.

But that’s exaggerated.

Wisconsin Property Map, an independent project, posted an article examining state property transfer records for sales of waterfront property.

The article stated that from 2021 through mid-2026, Minnesotans bought 9.5% of Wisconsin waterfront property, compared with Illinoisans’ 9.4%.

Wisconsin Watch did its own analysis and found nearly the same figures, with Minnesota edging Illinois by no more than 1 percentage point. 

Illinoisans might gain resentment partly because of the type of property they buy. 

They bought 17.6% of every $1 million-plus lakefront sale during the period, according to the article.

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David Crowley caps unlikely comeback with win in Wisconsin Democratic primary for governor

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Reading Time: 7 minutes

Milwaukee County Executive David Crowley completed an unlikely political comeback in Tuesday’s primary election, narrowly winning Wisconsin’s Democratic nomination for governor after Gov. Tony Evers gave him a late endorsement. 

Crowley will face U.S. Rep. Tom Tiffany in November, with President Donald Trump backing the Republican nominee.

The Associated Press declared Crowley the winner at 2:34 a.m. Wednesday, ending a race that remained unsettled deep into the night.

With 98% of the votes tallied, Crowley led Madison state Rep. Francesca Hong by less than half a percentage point —  State Sen. Kelda Roys and former Department of Administration Secretary Joel Brennan trailed far behind with percentages in the single digits. 

Crowley, who served two terms in the Assembly, often highlighted his experience as Milwaukee County executive as the key difference between himself and his primary opponents. He was elected to lead Wisconsin’s most populous county in 2020 and reelected in 2024. On the campaign trail, Crowley pointed to his ability to work with both Democrats and Republicans to help improve lives in Milwaukee County. He frequently highlighted the 2023 shared revenue law that helped Milwaukee County pay off debts from the pension scandal in the early 2000s. 

Supporters cheer and raise campaign signs as results come in for the Wisconsin Democratic gubernatorial primary election during David Crowley’s election night watch party at the Hyatt Regency on Tuesday, August 11, 2026 in Milwaukee. Milwaukee County Executive David Crowley faced off against several other Democratic candidates, including Madison Rep. Francesca Hong, in Wisconsin’s gubernatorial primary. (Jonathan Aguilar / Milwaukee Neighborhood News Service / CatchLight Local)

Crowley’s revived campaign drew criticism from people who saw his return to the race as efforts by establishment Democrats to stop more progressive candidates, like Hong. Former Lt. Gov. Mandela Barnes, who had been Hong’s closest competition in polls before he dropped out of the race in July, at the only televised debate called Crowley “revived by special interests.” 

Crowley in recent campaign stops has dismissed the “establishment” label and pointed to his early years growing up in Milwaukee where his parents struggled with mental health issues and addiction and his family faced evictions. 

The 2026 election for governor is an open seat after Evers chose not to run for a third term. It’s the first open governor’s race in the state since 2010 when Gov. Scott Walker ushered in a conservative era during which Republicans dismantled public sector unions, increased pension and health insurance contributions for public employees, cut taxes and enacted gerrymandered legislative maps.

Democrats are hoping to take control of the state Legislature for the first time in 16 years after flipping the state Supreme Court to a liberal majority and enacting bipartisan legislative maps. But even with a legislative majority, the ability to enact Democratic legislation would still run through the governor’s office.

Hong, a democratic socialist, led in the polls for months, and her primary victory seemed all but assured heading into Tuesday. But the close race mirrored a similar battle between establishment Democrats and left-wing activists in the Michigan U.S. Senate primary. Polls showed the left-wing candidate with a double-digit lead heading into last week’s primary, but he only won by 1 percentage point.

Democratic State Rep. Francesca Hong speaks on stage to supporters during her partisan primary watch party at Atwood Music Hall in Madison, Wis., on Aug. 11, 2026. (Jake Piper for Wisconsin Watch)

Hong had led the Democratic field in five Marquette University Law School polls ahead of the primary. Her rise as a front-runner in the race happened alongside significant democratic socialist candidate wins in states like New York and Colorado. 

Hong, though, faced questions from some Democrats over whether she could win in November. Republicans in recent weeks also seized on Hong’s old social media posts on positions such as defunding the police, abolishing the U.S. Senate and canceling Thanksgiving. Hong spent time in national news interviews during the final week of the primary attempting to walk back those past comments.  

A political comeback

Crowley’s strong showing marks a stunning turnaround for a candidate who polled in single digits before he dropped out of the race in early July. Even in the final Marquette Law School Poll before the election, he only mustered 7% support to 38% for Hong, though 34% were undecided.

Crowley initially ended his campaign after he said he saw both poll and fundraising numbers show momentum for Lt. Gov. Sara Rodriguez. 

But then Rodriguez dropped out of the race after revelations of issues with her campaign finance reports, which led Crowley to return to the race with a historically rare endorsement from Evers. In the final week of the primary, the two-term governor joined Crowley on the campaign trail to champion Crowley as his successor.

At the Atwood Music Hall in Madison on Tuesday night, Hong’s supporters waited for the results as the loudspeakers pumped in Stevie Wonder, Spice Girls and Chappell Roan. One Hong staffer estimated that a couple hundred people were in attendance, but didn’t have an official number. Reporters and TV cameras packed the balcony. 

Supporters cheer as Madison Rep. Francesca Hong takes a short-lived lead over Milwaukee County Executive David Crowley in Wisconsin’s Democratic primary for governor during Hong’s election night watch party at Atwood Music Hall in Madison, Wis. on Aug. 11, 2026. (Jake Piper for Wisconsin Watch)
Supporters of Madison Rep. Francesca Hong leave her election night watch party at Atwood Music Hall in Madison at 11:30 p.m. on Aug. 11, 2026, with the Democratic primary for governor still too close to call. (Jake Piper for Wisconsin Watch)

Luca Farmer, a 21-year-old Madison resident, cheered and waved a poster reading “Hotties 4 Hong” as CNN results showed the state representative pulling closer to Crowley around 10 p.m. Tuesday. 

Farmer said he had been following the race since Evers chose not to run for reelection last year. He said he voted for Hong because she is “policy first.” 

But Farmer said he did not anticipate Hong and Crowley were going to be as close as they were Tuesday night. 

Luca Farmer and Elizabeth Dilworth embrace during Madison Rep. Francesca Hong’s election night watch party on Aug. 11, 2026, at Atwood Music Hall in Madison, Wis. (Jake Piper for Wisconsin Watch)

“My heart is palpitating,” he said. “I did not think it was going to be this close. I was very confident, but I am still confident that we will win.” 

Around 11:20 p.m., Hong walked onstage to address and thank supporters, who erupted in cheers. She acknowledged that the results were not final, but “the fight continues no matter what.” 

“In 11 weeks, no matter who’s on the ballot, y’all, we are going to fight to win for one another,” Hong said as the crowd started a chant of “we will win.” 

“We will win together, united, because everyone who’s running in this race, they know that we can make better possible, and we must make better possible.” 

At the Hyatt Regency in downtown Milwaukee, at least 250 people were spread among two ballrooms and a reception area. Chatter was loud but, as of 11 p.m., few cheers went up — the vote totals simply remained too tight.

A woman with her hand over her mouth, surrounded by people with Crowley signs
Anna Wilson watches results come in in Wisconsin’s Democratic primary for governor during Milwaukee County Executive David Crowley’s election night watch party at the Hyatt Regency on Tuesday, Aug. 11, 2026, in Milwaukee. (Jonathan Aguilar / Milwaukee Neighborhood News Service / CatchLight Local)

Early in the evening, Noel Morales, a 21-year-old Crowley supporter from suburban Milwaukee, expressed confidence about Crowley’s chances. But he worried whether young Hong supporters would back Crowley if Crowley wins the nomination because Crowley has been cast as an establishment Democrat.

It’s a very big “it depends” on whether Democrats can find unity, he said.

A person wearing a dark cap looks at a phone near a stage with a large sign reading "DAVID CROWLEY FOR WISCONSIN" and a podium.
Noel Morales watches the Wisconsin Democratic gubernatorial primary results come in during David Crowley’s election night watch party at the Hyatt Regency on Aug. 11, 2026, in Milwaukee. (Jonathan Aguilar / Milwaukee Neighborhood News Service / CatchLight Local)

The first sustained cheer at the Crowley gathering went up about 11:15 p.m. when a TV station went live from the party. Minutes later, the party went mostly quiet to listen to remarks made by Hong at her gathering. At that point, Crowley had yet to appear before his supporters. 

At midnight, Milwaukee election officials said “human error” would delay ballot counting. At the Crowley party, just as supporters appeared ready to claim victory, the news was deflating. 

“I’m at a loss for words,” said Crowley supporter Angela Hinton of the Milwaukee suburb of Glendale. “With the votes so close, we were on pins and needles. Now this.”

U.S. Rep. Gwen Moore told the gathering just after midnight that results were 90 minutes away. “It looks very good, but we have to wait,” she said.

A woman in front of Crowley podium
U.S. Rep. Gwen Moore talks to attendees while awaiting results in Wisconsin’s Democratic primary for governor during Milwaukee County Executive David Crowley’s election night watch party at the Hyatt Regency on Aug. 11, 2026, in Milwaukee. (Jonathan Aguilar / Milwaukee Neighborhood News Service / CatchLig

Other results

In other primary results Tuesday, Rebecca Cooke won the Democratic nomination in the 3rd Congressional District for a rematch with Republican U.S. Rep. Derrick Van Orden. The seat is rated a toss-up and one of two that national Democrats are hoping to flip to retake control of the House.

In the other, the 1st Congressional District in southeast Wisconsin, Mitchell Berman won the Democratic nomination to take on U.S. Rep. Bryan Steil.

Michael Alfonso, the son-in-law of U.S. Department of Transportation Secretary Sean Duffy, won the Republican nomination in the 7th Congressional District in northern Wisconsin. The Democratic nomination was too close to call, though the seat being vacated by Tiffany leans Republican.

A person in an orange shirt is seen in front of a lawn with large red and white letters reading "BADGERS VOTE" in front of a building.
A “Badgers vote” message is seen on Bascom Hill on the University of Wisconsin-Madison campus in Madison, Wis., on Aug. 11, 2026. (Jake Piper for Wisconsin Watch)

Nic Cravillion, a staffer for Sen. André Jacque, R-New Franken, won the Republican nomination for the 1st Senate District to replace Jacque after his two terms in the Senate. 

Rep. Jenna Jacobson, D-Oregon, won the Democratic nomination in the 17th Senate District to challenge Sen. Howard Marklein in November. Jacobson is supported by the Senate Democratic Campaign Committee, which sees this district as a potential flip opportunity. 

Case manager Ismael Luna beat incumbent Rep. Sylvia Ortiz-Velez, D-Milwaukee, by a large margin for the Democratic nomination in the 8th Assembly District. Ortiz-Velez had left the Democratic caucus last year after making a gun-related threat to a fellow Democrat. 

In the 21st Assembly District, Oak Creek Mayor Dan Bukiewicz won the Democratic nomination and will now face Republican Carroll University student Dylan Pfaffenbach in the general election. The winner will replace Rep. Jessie Rodriguez, R-Oak Creek, who won by a narrow margin in 2024.

Former Sheboygan Ald. John Belanger won the Republican nomination in the 26th Assembly District and will face Rep. Joe Sheehan, D-Sheboygan.

In the 76th Assembly District, Hong’s district, Dina Nina Martinez-Rutherford, a former Madison City Council member, won the nomination. She will face Republican Nina Chat in the general election in the solid Democratic district. If elected Martinez-Rutherford would be the first transgender person elected to the Assembly.

Wisconsin Watch is a nonprofit, nonpartisan newsroom. Subscribe to our newsletters for original stories and our Friday news roundup.

David Crowley caps unlikely comeback with win in Wisconsin Democratic primary for governor is a post from Wisconsin Watch, a non-profit investigative news site covering Wisconsin since 2009. Please consider making a contribution to support our journalism.

Is Wisconsin’s income tax rate the same for people earning $400,000 annually as it is for billionaires?

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Yes.

Wisconsin’s highest income tax rate is 7.65%. 

For individuals, it applies to all taxable annual income above $323,290.

For married taxpayers filing jointly, the threshold is $431,060.

Lower tax rates apply to taxable income below the two thresholds.

A married couple with taxable income of $450,000 would pay the same tax rate on the portion of their income above $431,060 as a billionaire with $50 million in taxable income would pay on the larger portion of their income above that threshold, said Jason Stein, president of the nonpartisan Wisconsin Policy Forum.

The couple and the billionaire would still have different average tax rates because a different share of their taxable income would be taxed at the highest rates, he said. 

Democrats have called for raising the top rate, which ranks 10th highest among the states. Republicans cut the top rate from 7.75% to 7.65% in 2013.

This Fact Brief is responsive to conversations such as this one.

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Is Wisconsin’s income tax rate the same for people earning $400,000 annually as it is for billionaires? is a post from Wisconsin Watch, a non-profit investigative news site covering Wisconsin since 2009. Please consider making a contribution to support our journalism.

A $10 billion data center proposal vanished after a local official told the developer the process would have to unfold in public

A weathered mailbox marked "6524" stands beside a rural road, with a sign below reading "NO DATA CENTER IN THE DRIFTLESS".
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It didn’t get much attention at the time, but last fall an out-of-state developer proposed an artificial intelligence data center 35 miles north of Madison in Columbia County.

At $10 billion, it would have been the third-largest data center to come to Wisconsin.

The Maryland-based Stonebridge real estate development company isn’t saying why it stopped exploring a site in Pacific, a town of about 2,800 people. 

But town chair Steven Pate told Wisconsin Watch there was no follow-up after he told Stonebridge executive Douglas Firstenberg that the proposal would have to be aired publicly.

“You’re going to talk to me, you’re going to talk to all five (town board members) and it’s going to be a public meeting,” Pate said he recalled telling Firstenberg in what he said was their only conversation.

The first mention of the possible data center came last November in a local news report about a solar farm. Columbia County planning director Kurt Calkins said in the article that a developer was exploring a $10 billion data center in Pacific with 400 permanent jobs and an opening in 2027.

Nothing more ever became public.

Here’s the rest of the story.

Madison real estate attorney Kevin Ramakrishna made the first contact with Columbia County last August, according to emails Wisconsin Watch obtained from the county under the state public records law. 

Ramakrishna, who represented Stonebridge, wrote that he and Firstenberg first met with county officials in October. 

The next month, according to Ramakrishna, Firstenberg met with Pate.

The Pacific town clerk said she had no emails related to any data center.

Stonebridge has since accelerated its involvement with data centers in other parts of the country.

The company is promoting its plans for a $15 billion, 569-acre complex on the site of a former dynamite factory northwest of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania. And it has won initial approval for a $2.6 billion, 1,300-acre data center in Fort Meade, near Tampa, Florida.

Firstenberg and Ramakrishna didn’t reply to requests for comment. 

Calkins said the county hasn’t heard from Stonebridge in months.

Although Stonebridge’s interest appears dead, Columbia County is bracing for more data center proposals.

Columbia County Board Supervisor Denise Brusveen introduced a policy change, adopted by the board in July, that prohibits supervisors from signing nondisclosure agreements regarding data centers.

The use of data center NDAs by local communities was revealed by Wisconsin Watch in January.

“I wanted to be very clear to the public that they should be able to trust us,” Brusveen said.

Wisconsin Watch is a nonprofit, nonpartisan newsroom. Subscribe to our newsletters for original stories and our Friday news roundup.

A $10 billion data center proposal vanished after a local official told the developer the process would have to unfold in public is a post from Wisconsin Watch, a non-profit investigative news site covering Wisconsin since 2009. Please consider making a contribution to support our journalism.

Guaranteed tax revenue, river funding, affordable housing: What DeForest negotiated before a data center deal collapsed 

An electrical substation and transmission equipment sit among crop fields, with farm buildings, utility poles and rural roads stretching across the landscape under a clear sky.
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Earlier this year, the Madison suburb of DeForest abruptly rejected a $12 billion, 1,600-acre data center amid mounting public opposition.

In doing so, the village of 12,000 also turned down wide-ranging public benefits that some experts say could be a model for what communities can demand from hyperscale data center projects.

Wisconsin Watch reported in January that DeForest and other communities around the state had, for months, secretly worked on proposals for billion-dollar data centers before informing the public.

The day after the report, DeForest officials announced the project was “no longer viable.”

The retreat was a response to a swell of opposition fueled by outright objections to data centers, misinformation about their impact and anger over the proposal being kept quiet. 

Amid the controversy, little attention was paid to an agreement the village had negotiated with Virginia-based QTS Data Centers.

Here’s some of what the community could have received if the data center had come to fruition:

  • A guaranteed amount of taxable property value for the data center of $1.2 billion, which would be worth an estimated $12 million annually in property tax payments to the village, schools and other taxing bodies.
  • Tens of millions of dollars in payments toward the village’s signature natural feature, the Yahara River, as well as for affordable housing and other needs.
  • Protections for nearby property owners and electricity ratepayers.

“You’re not seeing these in other development agreements,” said Tyler Byrnes, a researcher at the nonpartisan Wisconsin Policy Forum.

Local governments throughout Wisconsin, even where data centers have not been proposed, are adopting data center moratoriums. At the same time, data center development proposals are being considered in communities such as Kenosha, Menomonie, Wisconsin Rapids and Rock County.

Even though no data center was built in DeForest, the village’s agreement could offer guidance for future data center deals in Wisconsin.

‘Best package’

QTS’ proposal drew opposition because data centers have become inherently controversial, but also because DeForest would have had to annex 1,600 acres from the neighboring town of Vienna. Moreover, there was backlash to the news that DeForest staff were meeting with QTS representatives and Alliant Energy as early as March 2025 — seven months before announcing the proposal.

Three weeks before dropping the project, DeForest announced it had reached a pre-annexation agreement with QTS that put more than a dozen requirements on the developer.

“It’s our job to provide the best package that we can get from our development, to benefit the population and the village,” village Administrator Bill Chang recently told Wisconsin Watch.

Aerial view of a narrow river bordered by trees and shrubs, with open grassy areas and long tree shadows stretching across the landscape.
An aerial view shows the tree-lined Yahara River near Sunnybrook Park in DeForest, Wis., July 14, 2026. (Kayla Wolf for Wisconsin Watch)
A person walks a dog on a paved path beside a narrow river, with grassy fields, trees and nearby houses under a clear sky.
An aerial view shows the tree-lined Yahara River near Sunnybrook Park in DeForest, Wis., July 14, 2026. (Kayla Wolf for Wisconsin Watch)
A view of the Yahara River from South Street in DeForest, Wis., July 14, 2026. (Kayla Wolf for Wisconsin Watch)
A person jogs along a paved path bordered by tall grasses and trees as low fog glows in bright sunlight.
The sun rises as a runner exercises at Western Green Area Park in DeForest, Wis, July 14, 2026. (Kayla Wolf for Wisconsin Watch)

The provisions are wide-ranging. Here’s an overview:

Guaranteed assessed value of at least $1.2 billion for 15 years 

QTS would have had to pay property taxes based on at least that amount, even if the actual valuation were lower. The village estimated that QTS would pay $12 million annually to local jurisdictions by 2031 and that over 15 years, a home with an assessed value of $400,000 would save $1,772 per year in property taxes.

“The tax benefits are big,” said professor Ross Milton, a local government tax expert at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. 

Milton said the guarantee means that even if the data center’s property valuation didn’t reach $1.2 billion, the village would still receive the amount of property tax revenue as if it did, though other local taxing bodies would not.

Pay $50 million for community infrastructure

That funding would have included $100,000 annually for 15 years for preservation, restoration and other improvements for the Yahara River; paying $1.5 million toward a planned $15 million interstate interchange; contributing $200,000 annually for five years to the village’s affordable housing program; and creating a community solar energy project to help homeowners. 

Pay for public infrastructure

QTS would have paid for all public infrastructure improvements serving the data center, including water, sewer lines and roads.

The deal included on top of that a $1 million payment for a sewer main extension, completed in 2024, that would have served the data center.

Another provision would have paid for any police, fire and EMS vehicles and equipment necessary to address needs caused by the development. The developer also offered to provide emergency services, including an ambulance, to the development site for five years after signing of the agreement so as not to draw away from existing community services.

A person is seated near a microphone, with another person seated nearby and other people blurred in the foreground.
DeForest Village Administrator Bill Chang speaks during a DeForest Village Board meeting at Village Hall in DeForest, Wis., Jan. 20, 2026. (Kayla Wolf for Wisconsin Watch)

Also covered were planning and design of a public transit connection from DeForest to Madison and operation of the transit line during construction, as well as an alternative snowmobile trail through the property.

The developer also would have had to reimburse the village for water, sewer and stormwater expenses that would otherwise cause general rate increases. And QTS would have paid to install a wastewater monitoring station to measure effluent discharged from the data center. 

“QTS wanted to work with us,” Chang said. “They were willing to play ball, per se, to get into a position where it would make sense for the village to approve an annexation.”

Pay for power infrastructure

QTS would have paid for all improvements to electric power infrastructure needed to serve the data center without — subject to state regulation — affecting existing ratepayers.

The agreement included a commitment that the data center would draw 45% of its energy from solar, wind or other renewable resources. The agreement noted the developer had bought 750 megawatts of renewable energy credits for the project.

Members of the public attend a DeForest Village Board meeting at Village Hall in DeForest, Wisconsin, on Jan. 20, 2026. Public opposition helped derail a proposed $12 billion QTS data center that village officials had negotiated with the developer. (Kayla Wolf for Wisconsin Watch)

Protecting neighbors

The agreement would have committed the developer to repairing or replacing private wells, or connecting a home to municipal water, within a quarter-mile of the data center if the data center construction or operation contaminated the wells.

QTS also would have committed to buying residential properties within a quarter-mile of the data center if the property “is materially adversely affected by noise, vibration, private water supply contamination or other negative impacts” from the data center.

The purchase price would have been no less than 110% of the property’s assessed value.

Democratic candidates for governor have called for gaining benefits in data center deals. One of them, state Sen. Kelda Roys of Madison, supports creating a state team of experts to help communities negotiate with data center developers.

Hands hold cards with the crossed out words data center
Sheri Stach hands out stickers opposing the QTS data center development before a DeForest Village Board meeting at Village Hall in DeForest, Wisconsin, on Jan. 20, 2026. The village later dropped the project following public opposition. (Kayla Wolf for Wisconsin Watch)

Reclaiming the site

If the DeForest center had been built but later stopped operating, the deal would have allowed the village to reclaim the site. Then the village would have been able to sell or lease the property or demolish the buildings on it.

QTS “did communicate that they are long-term-involved in their facilities and that they have, as one of their priorities, to be a good community partner,” said village Community Development Director Alex Allon.

One of the proposal’s opponents, former Vienna town board member Shawn Haney, said he had urged village staff to be more precise on some requirements of QTS, but that the staff “were definitely doing their homework and they had some good ideas in there. The concept behind it was good.”

No tax incremental financing

The agreement doesn’t include a tax incremental district, a common tax break that commits future property taxes from a land parcel’s anticipated increase in value to finance a proposed development. 

That “makes the proposal abundantly better” for residents, said Prescott Balch, who is sought out as an expert by data center opponents around Wisconsin.

The difference is that while a property is in a TID, it isn’t counted in the total value of the village’s property for tax purposes and therefore doesn’t lower taxes on other property owners until the TID is closed, Byrnes said.

Nevertheless, the sheer opposition to the data center far overshadowed what was in the pre-annexation agreement. The village never took a vote on annexation, which would have required support from a supermajority of the board.

“The politics got too loud too fast,” Chang said.

Looking ahead

In contrast, the local government agreements covering the three data centers under construction in Wisconsin, in Beaver Dam, Mount Pleasant and Port Washington, use tax incremental districts. 

None of them includes the wide-ranging community investments and protections that DeForest negotiated. 

Other communities around the U.S. are negotiating deals similar to DeForest’s. In Pennsylvania, for example, a developer seeking local approval of a data center has offered $165 million, including $10,000 payments to homeowners.

UW-Madison professor Anna Haensch, who researches data center policy, said DeForest’s agreement contains some elements in what are typically contained in more formal “community benefit agreements” — provisions that local governments seek as part of the process of approving a data center. 

She and UW colleagues are working on a framework that local governments could use for negotiations.

“Community benefit agreements are not yet the norm, but I think they should be and I think they will be,” Haensch said.

“When you’re in a tough position in life, knowing what you can ask for is half the battle.”

Wisconsin Watch is a nonprofit, nonpartisan newsroom. Subscribe to our newsletters for original stories and our Friday news roundup.

Guaranteed tax revenue, river funding, affordable housing: What DeForest negotiated before a data center deal collapsed  is a post from Wisconsin Watch, a non-profit investigative news site covering Wisconsin since 2009. Please consider making a contribution to support our journalism.

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